The working principle of capacitor and dielectric materials

For capacitor capacitor, everyone should be aware, from the objective, capacitor in a sense, there are some similar battery. Although there is a way of working with battery, but have in common is that are able to complete coverage of the device, and device of electric power. But, in contrast, the working principle of capacitor much simpler, battery can produce enough electrons, and capacitor can store electrons. The most simple capacitor is made up of both ends of the middle of the plate and dielectric insulation ( Including air) Make it. After electrify, plate charged, forming voltage ( Electric potential difference) , but due to the middle of the insulation material, so the whole capacitor is not conductive. However, the situation is in no more than the critical voltage of capacitor ( The breakdown voltage) Under the precondition of the. As we know, any material are relatively insulated, when the voltage at the ends of the material increased to a certain extent, is can be conductive material, we call this voltage breakdown voltage. Capacitance is not exceptional also, after the breakdown,, it is not an insulator. This is nowhere to be seen in the circuit of voltage, so are in the following work breakdown voltage, can be regarded as an insulator. In ac circuits, however, because the direction of the current is a function of over time into a certain relationship. And capacitor charging and discharging process is time, this time, the form change of the electric field between the plates, and the function of electric field is also change over time. In fact, the current is through the field in the form of passed between the capacitor. Capacitor dielectric capacitor dielectric materials used mainly for solid materials, can be divided into two broad categories, organic and inorganic. According to the molecular structure of form, the inorganic dielectric materials with microcrystalline ion structure, amorphous structure and some structure (both Such as ceramic, glass, mica, etc. ) 。 Organic dielectric materials are mainly composed of covalent bond polymer structure, can be divided into the nonpolar (according to the structure symmetry or not Such as polypropylene, polystyrene, etc. ) And polarity ( Polyethylene terephthalate oxalic ester, etc. ) Two categories. Electrolytic capacitor used medium is direct growth in anodic oxide film on the metals, and ionic structure. Non-polar organic materials and ion structure more perfect and tight polarization of inorganic material, belongs to the fast polarization types; And polar organic materials and structural type of ionic crystal belong to slow polarization relaxation. The former low dielectric constant epsilon, tg loss tangent delta value is small, the temperature, good frequency characteristic and the volume resistivity is higher; The latter is roughly the opposite. Engineering with a dielectric material is not the ideal dielectric, with different levels of impurities, defects and inhomogeneity. This is the volume resistivity produce different rho V and the cause of the breakdown voltage Eb. Schedule lists the capacitor dielectric materials commonly used forms of polarization and dielectric properties. Dielectric materials under the action of outer electric field polarization, loss happens, conductance and breakdown phenomenon, they represent the basic characteristic of the dielectric, and these characteristics depend on the composition and molecular structure.

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