Air conditioning blood, refrigerant, freon, refrigerant

Refrigerants, also known as refrigerants, refrigerants, and refrigerants, are the media used in various heat engines to complete energy conversion. These substances usually use reversible phase transitions (such as gas-liquid phase transitions) to increase power. Such as the steam in the steam engine, the refrigerant in the refrigerator, and so on. When a general steam engine is working, it releases the heat energy of the steam and converts it into mechanical energy to generate the motive power; while the refrigerant of the refrigerator is used to transfer the heat from the low temperature to the high temperature.

In 1805, O. Evans originally proposed the idea of u200bu200busing volatile fluids in a closed loop to freeze water into ice. He described this system, which evaporates ether under vacuum and pumps the steam to a water-cooled heat exchanger, where it is condensed and used again. In 1834, Perkins developed the vapor compression refrigeration cycle for the first time and obtained a patent. Diethyl ether (ethyl ether) is used as the refrigerant in the vapor compression refrigeration equipment he designed.

The following table lists the early used refrigerants

The early refrigerants, almost mostly flammable or toxic, or It is both, and some have strong corrosion and instability, or some are over-stressed, and accidents often occur. In the 1930s, a series of halogenated hydrocarbon refrigerants appeared one after another, and DuPont named them Freon. These materials have excellent properties, are non-toxic and non-flammable, and can adapt to different temperature regions, which significantly improves the performance of the refrigerator. Several refrigerants have become common in air conditioners, including CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114 and HCFC-22. In the 1950s, azeotropic refrigerants began to be used.

The following table lists the development time of the second stage refrigerant:

The air conditioning industry has grown from an early age to billions of dollars In the industry, the above refrigerants are used. By 1963, these refrigerants accounted for 98% of the entire organic fluorine industry output.

By the mid-1970s, concerns about the thinning of the ozone layer surfaced, and CFC substances may be partly responsible. This led to the passage of the Montreal Protocol in 1987, which required the elimination of CFC and HCFC families. The new solution is to develop the HFC family to play the main role of refrigerant. The HCFC family will continue to be used as a transition plan and will be gradually phased out. In the 1990s, global warming posed a new threat to life on earth. Although there are many factors contributing to global warming, air-conditioning and refrigeration consume a lot of energy (the energy consumption of buildings in the United States accounts for about 1/3 of the total energy consumption), and many refrigerants themselves are greenhouse gases, and refrigerants have been included in the discussion. . Although ASHRAE Standard 34 classifies many substances as refrigerants, only a few are used in commercial air conditioners.

Commonly used refrigerants

Freon-12 (code: R12)

R12 is a halogenated substance of alkane, the scientific name is difluoro-2 Methyl chloride, the molecular formula is CF2Cl2. It is a medium-pressure and medium-temperature refrigerant widely used in small and medium-sized refrigeration devices in my country. The standard evaporating temperature of R12 is -29.8℃, the condensing pressure is generally 0.78～0.98MPa, the freezing temperature is -155℃, and the standard cooling capacity per unit volume is about 288kcal/m3.

R12 is a colorless, transparent, odorless, almost non-toxic, non-flammable, non-explosive, and very safe refrigerant. Only when the volume concentration in the air exceeds 80%, it will suffocate people. However, when it comes into contact with open flames or the temperature is above 400℃, it will decompose harmful gases to the human body.

R12 can be miscible with any ratio of lubricating oil and can dissolve various organics, but its water absorption is extremely weak. Therefore, there is no oil separator in the small Freon refrigeration device, but a dryer. At the same time, it is stipulated that the water content in R12 shall not be greater than 0.0025%, and general natural rubber cannot be used as a sealing gasket in the system, but synthetic rubber such as nitrile rubber or chlorohydrin should be used. Otherwise, the expansion of the gasket will cause refrigerant leakage.

Freon-22 (code: R22)

R22 is also a halogenated substance of alkanes, the scientific name is difluoromonochloromethane, the molecular formula is CHClF2, and the standard evaporation temperature It is about -41℃, the freezing temperature is about -160℃, the condensation pressure is similar to ammonia, and the standard refrigeration capacity per unit volume is about 454kcal/m3.

R22 has many properties similar to R12, but its chemical stability is not as good as R12, and its toxicity is slightly greater than R12. However, the refrigeration capacity per unit volume of R22 is much larger than that of R12, which is close to ammonia. When a low temperature of -40 to -70°C is required, R22 is more suitable than R12, so at the time of publication, R22 is widely used in two-stage compression or air conditioning refrigeration systems at -40 to -60°C.

R-134a (Code: R134a)

R134a has very low toxicity and is non-flammable in the air. The safety category is A1, which is very safe The refrigerant.

The chemical stability of R134a is very good. However, because its water solubility is higher than that of R22, it is not good for the refrigeration system. Even if there is a small amount of water, it will produce acid, Carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide will corrode metals or produce 'copper plating' effects, so R134a requires higher drying and cleaning of the system. R134a has no chemical reaction with steel, iron, copper, aluminum and other metals, and only has a slight effect on zinc.

R134a is one of the main refrigerating substances recognized internationally to replace CFC-12 at the time of publication. It is often used in automotive air conditioners, commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, and as a foaming agent for hard plastic insulation materials. Production, it can also be used to configure other mixed refrigerants, such as R 404a and R 407c.

R-404A refrigerant

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